Tag : CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
Managing heart failure in CKD requires a multidisciplinary, evidence-based approach centered on early prevention, close monitoring, and the four therapeutic pillars that form the foundation of holistic patient care.
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has a significant global impact, affecting over 800 million people, particularly those from lower socio-economic backgrounds. In Hong Kong, recent survey data indicate that 0.7% of individuals aged 15 and older have been diagnosed with renal impairment.1 CKD is classified into five stages, with stages 4 and 5 linked to considerably higher risks of mortality and cardiovascular complications. Early detection and intervention are crucial for preventing the progression to kidney failure and for effective risk stratification, especially since over 40% of individuals with diabetes—a major risk factor for CKD—are likely to develop the condition.
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disorder characterized by systemic inflammation and elevated circulating levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This persistent inflammatory state has been implicated in immune-mediated injury across multiple organ systems, with particular involvement of renal tissues. However, few large-scale studies have evaluated whether psoriasis independently increases the risk of renal complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients receiving guideline-directed renoprotective therapies. A retrospective cohort study was performed by researchers in Texas to compare the risk of diabetic nephropathy, chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and dialysis in T2DM patients with and without psoriasis who were receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI), angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) or sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitor (SGLT2i) therapies.
Hyperkalemia, defined as serum potassium >5.0mmol/L, is a potentially lethal condition as it hinders muscle function and myocardial excitability, which may contribute to arrhythmias and sudden cardiac deaths. Epidemiological data suggests the global prevalence of hyperkalemia is around 6.3%, but the
