Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent condition characterized by urinary urgency, often accompanied by increased frequency and nocturia, affecting a significant portion of the population. In Hong Kong, a survey indicated an age-adjusted prevalence of OAB at 15.1%, highlighting the need for effective management strategies tailored to the local context. The condition can severely impact the quality of life, necessitating a comprehensive approach to diagnosis and treatment.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic disorder that can lead to a high disease burden and repeated hospital admissions due to its ability to facilitate a multitude of subsequent morbidities.1 Conventional studies often focus on investigating the risk of time-to-first events in T2D patients, giving limi